Turnout gear is the protective clothing worn by firefighters to shield them from heat, flames, water, and hazardous materials. Over time, this gear can become contaminated with soot, chemicals, and other dangerous substances. Regular cleaning and decontamination are critical to keep the gear working properly and to protect the health of the wearer. This guide explains why cleaning matters, when to do it, and how to clean and decontaminate turnout gear safely.
What Is Turnout Gear?
Turnout gear, also known as bunker gear, is a set of protective clothing that includes a coat, pants, helmet, gloves, boots, and a hood. Each piece is made with multiple layers:
- Outer shell: Resists flames, heat, and abrasion.
- Moisture barrier: Keeps water and chemicals out.
- Thermal liner: Provides insulation against heat.
These layers work together to protect firefighters in dangerous environments. However, contaminants can build up on the gear and reduce its effectiveness.
Why Cleaning and Decontamination Matter
Contaminants on turnout gear can include:
- Soot and ash from fires
- Chemicals and toxic substances
- Bodily fluids
- Oil, grease, and other debris
These substances can cause skin irritation, respiratory problems, and long-term health issues, including cancer. Dirty gear also loses some of its protective qualities. For example, soot can reduce flame resistance, and clogged moisture barriers can trap heat. Regular cleaning and decontamination help maintain the gear’s performance and reduce health risks.
When to Clean Turnout Gear
Turnout gear should be cleaned at these times:
- After every fire or exposure to hazardous materials. This is the most important time to decontaminate.
- After contact with blood or bodily fluids. Use proper disinfection procedures.
- Routine cleaning. Depending on use, clean gear every few months even if it looks clean.
- When visibly soiled or smelly. If you see dirt or notice odors, it’s time to clean.
Always follow your department’s guidelines if you are a firefighter. For general users, these principles apply to any protective gear that needs decontamination.
Types of Cleaning
There are several levels of cleaning, from simple to advanced:
- Routine cleaning: Brushing off loose debris and spot cleaning with a damp cloth.
- Advanced cleaning: Machine washing with a mild detergent and specialized equipment.
- Specialized cleaning: For decontamination from specific hazards, such as chemicals or biological agents.
- Professional cleaning: When gear is heavily contaminated or damaged, send it to a professional cleaning service.
Decontamination Methods
Decontamination removes or neutralizes harmful substances. Common methods include:
- On-scene decontamination: Rinse gear with water and use wipes to remove loose contaminants.
- Gross decontamination: Remove heavy debris with a brush or hose before leaving the scene.
- Technical decontamination: Use detergents and specialized equipment to break down contaminants.
Always dispose of contaminated water properly. Do not let it run into storm drains or soil.
Step-by-Step Cleaning Process
Preparation
- Wear protective gloves and eye protection.
- Remove gear from storage and check for damage.
- Pre-clean by brushing off loose debris.
- Close all zippers and hook-and-loop fasteners to protect them during washing.
Washing
- Use a washing machine designed for turnout gear, or a large front-loading machine.
- Use a mild detergent. Do not use bleach or fabric softener.
- Follow the manufacturer’s instructions for water temperature and cycle settings.
- Do not overload the machine. Wash one set of gear at a time.
Rinsing
- Ensure all detergent is removed. Run an extra rinse cycle if needed.
- Detergent residue can attract dirt and reduce performance.
Drying
- Air dry in a well-ventilated area, away from direct sunlight.
- If using a dryer, use low heat only. High heat can damage materials.
- Do not hang by the hood or sleeves. Lay flat or hang by the waist.
- Make sure gear is completely dry before storage.
Storage
- Store in a clean, dry, well-ventilated area.
- Avoid direct sunlight and extreme temperatures.
- Do not store with contaminated gear.
- Keep gear off the floor to prevent recontamination.
Cleaning Specific Parts
- Helmet: Wipe with a damp cloth and mild soap. Do not submerge.
- Gloves: Wash according to manufacturer instructions. Air dry completely.
- Boots: Scrub with a brush and mild detergent. Rinse and air dry.
- Hood: Machine washable if allowed. Follow care label.
Safety Precautions
- Never use bleach, fabric softener, or harsh chemicals.
- Do not dry clean unless specifically approved.
- Avoid high heat, which can melt or damage materials.
- Wear personal protective equipment while cleaning.
- Wash your hands thoroughly after handling dirty gear.
Inspection and Maintenance
After cleaning, inspect your gear for:
- Tears, fraying, or holes
- Damaged closures (zippers, hook-and-loop, snaps)
- Compromised moisture barrier (if testable)
- Worn reflective trim
Repair or replace damaged gear immediately. Keep records of cleaning and inspections to track gear condition.
When to Seek Professional Cleaning
Consider professional cleaning when:
- Gear is heavily contaminated with hazardous materials.
- There has been significant exposure to carcinogens.
- Gear was used in a fire with unknown chemicals.
- You lack the proper equipment or space.
Conclusion
Cleaning and decontaminating turnout gear is essential for safety and performance. By following a regular cleaning routine, using the right methods, and taking proper safety precautions, you can extend the life of the gear and reduce health risks. Remember to clean after every exposure, inspect regularly, and seek professional help when needed. For more helpful guides on home safety, maintenance, and everyday questions, explore other articles on our site.